AN ANALOG COMPUTER DEMONSTRATION OF DOUBLE-PEAKED INSTANTANEOUS UNIT HYDROGRAPHS1

The properties of an instantaneous unit hydrograph model consisting of two cascades of linear reservoirs in parallel were explored with the aid of an analog computer. By proper choice of the model parameters it is possible to produce two-peaked instantaneous unit hydrographs. The relative magnitudes and locations of the two peaks can be varied by changing the values of the parameters. An example of the use of the analog computer to select the parameters of the model giving the best fit to an observed runoff hydrograph is also included. The analog computer used in the study was the ASTRAC II developed at the University of Arizona.     

SUPPLEMENTATION OF MISSING VALUES IN WATER QUALITY DATA1

ABSTRACT The problem of estimating missing values in water quality data using linear interpolation and harmonic analysis is studied to see which one of these two methods yields better estimates for the missing values. The data used in this study consisted of midnight values of dissolved oxygen from the Ohio River collected over a period of one year at Stratton station. Various hypothetical cases of missing data are considered and the two methods of supplementing missing values are evaluated using statistical tests. The results indicate that when the percentage of missed data points exceeded ten percent of the total number in the original sample, harmonic analysis usually yielded better estimates for both the regularly and irregularly missed cases. For data that exhibit cyclic variation, examples of which are dissolved oxygen concentration and water temperature, harmonic analysis as a data generation technique appears to be superior to linear interpolation.     

THE DEVELOPMENT OF A PLAN OF STUDY – AN INTERAGENCY APPROACH TO MULTIOBJECTIVE PLANNING AND EVALUATION OF WATER AND LAND RESOURCE USE1

ABSTRACT The paper presents a systems approach for planning and evaluating alternative plans for resource use incorporating the concepts of multiobjective planning and evaluation (MOPE). The need for multidisciplinary input and strong interagency cooperation in planning for resource use is related to the logical and orderly completion of the planning steps. The paper briefly describes MOPE, emphasizing two important concepts: (1) the relationship of the study problems and objectives to national social objectives, and (2) the display of alternative solutions showing tradeoffs. Several important characteristics of a plan of study which implements MOPE are presented and discussed. A proposed MOPE analytical system is discussed in detail. The MOPE analytical system is divided into eight interdependent subsystems that describe data collection, use, analysis, and results. A linear program (L.P.) model is proposed to analyze the present and future demand relationships for natural resources. The model will also evaluate the interaction of agriculture, forestry, and recreation with the resource base of the basin, considering National Economic Development, Environmental Quality, and Regional Development.     

A COMPARISON OF SOME DYNAMIC,LINEAR AND POLICY ITERATION METHODS FOR RESERVOIR OPERATION1

Within the past few years, a number of papers have been published in which stochastic mathematical programming models, incorporating first order Markov chains, have been used to derive alternative sequential operating policies for a multiple purpose reservoir. This paper attempts to review and compare three such mathematical modeling and solution techniques, namely dynamic programming, policy iteration, and linear programming. It is assumed that the flows into the reservoir are serially correlated stochastic quantities. The design parameters are assumed fixed, i.e., the reservoir capacity and the storage and release targets, if any, are predetermined. The models are discrete since the continuous variables of time, volume, and flow are approximated by discrete units. The problem is to derive an optimal operating policy. Such a policy defines the reservoir release as a function of the current storage volume and inflow. The form of the solution and some of the advantages, limitations and computational efficiencies of each of the models and their algorithms are compared using a simplified numerical example.     

Prediction of lichen diversity in an UNESCO biosphere reserve – correlation of high resolution remote sensing data with field samples

The present study focuses on developing models to predict lichen species richness in a UNESCO Biosphere Reserve of the Swiss Pre-Alps following a gradient of land-use intensity combining remote sensing data and regression models. The predictive power of the models and the obtained r ranging from 0.5 for lichens on soil to 0.8 for lichens on trees can be regarded as satisfactory to good, respectively. The study revealed that a combination of airborne and spaceborne remote sensing data produced a variety of ecological meaningful variables.     

Status and Trends of Ontario's Sydenham River Ecosystem in Relation to Aquatic Species at Risk

The Sydenham River in southwestern Ontario is located in the Mixedwood Plains Ecozone, which supports the greatest diversity of flora and fauna in Canada. The river historically supported a rich aquatic community that included 80 fishes and 34 species of freshwater mussels. Fourteen aquatic species native to the river (8 fishes, 5 mussels and 1 turtle) have been designated as endangered, threatened, or of special concern by the Committee on the Status of Species at Risk in Canada (COSEWIC). A multi-agency Recovery Team was formed in 1999 to ensure the continued survival of these and other rare species in the river. The Sydenham River Recovery Team is the first in Canada to adopt an ecosystem approach to recovery planning for aquatic species. Information on land use patterns, water quality trends, the physical condition of the river, and the distributions of aquatic species at risk was synthesized to gain an understanding of the overall health of the river and its major anthropogenic stresses. Seven of the species at risk have declined in distribution or abundance, and three may be extirpated. The main threat to fishes and mussels is heavy loadings of sediment, nutrients, and possibly pesticides to the river via tile drainage and overland runoff from agricultural lands. A strategy that incorporates four overall approaches (management, stewardship, research and monitoring, and awareness and outreach) was developed to recover and protect this globally significant freshwater ecosystem.     

Designing a conservation reserve network with minimal fragmentation: A linear integer programming approach

In the biological conservation literature, the optimum reserve site selection problem has often been addressed by using the prototype set covering and maximal covering formulations, assuming that representation of species is the only criterion in site selection. This approach usually results in a small but highly fragmented reserve, which is not useful for practical conservation planning. To improve the chances of species' persistence, it may be desirable to reduce habitat fragmentation. This paper presents a linear integer programming formulation to minimize spatial gaps between selected sites in a reserve network, which is applied to a data set on breeding birds. The authors express their willingness to share the database used in this study. Those readers who wish to have access to the data may contact Robert A. Briers at r.briers@napier.ac.uk.     

大同市某医院放疗装置环境辐射调查

大同市环境监察支队对大同市某医院医用电子直线加速器及近距离遥控后装机工作场所及其周围环境辐射水平进行了调查。表明，加速器及近距离遥控后装机室内X、γ辐射剂量率，在关机或开机状态下监测结果变化不明显，基本在本底范围内。加速器及近距离遥控后装机室外X、γ辐射剂量率范围接近1987年“全国放射性水平调查”的天然贯穿辐射剂量平均值；屋顶X、γ辐射剂量率监测结果也居正常本底水平。     

松花江哈尔滨段水环境质量评价及污染源解析

为全面了解松花江流域哈尔滨段的水质污染状况,根据2015年松花江流域哈尔滨段丰水期、平水期和枯水期的水质监测数据,采用主成分分析（PCA）对水质污染现状进行综合评价,并根据主成分分析计算得到的相关数据进行APCS-MLR（绝对主成分多元线性回归分析）,量化主成分对各污染物的贡献率.在评价过程中,充分利用ArcGIS软件对不同断面水质状况进行可视化表征,展现水环境质量的空间特征,更加直观地表达水质的区域差异性.结果表明:松花江哈尔滨段水体的主要污染物包括COD_Cr、TN和NH₃-N,丰水期第1主成分对其贡献率分别为69.97%、69.18%、74.23%,平水期为22.91%、22.21%、37.57%,枯水期为83.77%、83.60%、83.09%;6个断面中,朱顺屯断面的水质优于其他断面的水质,上游水质优于下游水质;研究水体水质总体上表现为丰水期优于枯水期.研究表明,污染物主要受到生活污水和该江段沿岸石化、汽车和造纸企业工业废水排放的影响.污染物主要来源于阿什河口内和呼兰河口内断面,干流水体水质优于支流水体.      

某梁结构静动联合加载疲劳研究试验件设计与分析

目的解决工程结构在交变静载荷和动载荷联合作用下的疲劳寿命预估难题。方法拟设计一梁结构试验件,方便施加静力与动载荷,并具有合适的疲劳寿命,用于静动联合加载下疲劳寿命预估研究。并采用名义应力法计算出静载荷作用下结构的寿命,采用频域法计算动载荷单独作用下结构的寿命,再以线性损伤累积理论为基础,以载荷块为单位来计算静动载荷联合加载下的寿命。结果初步给出试验载荷,得到静动载荷联合加载下危险点的寿命为1225 s。试件在1 h之内失效,满足设计要求。结论通过该方法,可以用来校核试件的实际寿命,以设计试件。